The Opium War

The First Opium War or the First Anglo-Chinese War was fought between the British East Indian Company and the Qing Dynasty in China from 1839 to 1842 with the aim of forcing China to import British opium. Britain won the war and as a result gained control over Hong Kong.
Opium was used as medicine to cure diseases such as dysentery, cholera, as well as diarrhea. British wanted to trade with China for tea, but China did not wanted any help from them. So, in order to get the tea, British started to sell Opium to the Chinese people. They got addicted to Opium and the government was not happen with this situation. Almost all the population used the Opium. They traded large amount of sources, specially silver which weakened the economically badly.
Lin Tse-Hsua, an imperial commissioner, was the charge of organization for anti-opium. He wrote a letter to Queen Victoria of England, informing about the Opium. But,this did not work the way they wanted to. In 1840, the first attempt of Opium War started. This was the first drug war. China was not prepared for this war, since they were not advanced in technology like the British. The Treaty of Nanjing marked the beginning of foreign commercial and residential privileges in China. This helped the China to catch up the world in technology.

Mountains of the Moon

As the Europeans explored Africa, they had to faced following hardship;

1. The distance they had to cover to find out the location of the place where the Nile river started.
2. They did not have enough people and weapons.
3. They were attacked by the African Tribes.
   

The source of Nile River was named after a British Queen because, when the Europeans discoverd the source, they decided to name the source as "VICTORIA" as their queen was Victoria. Even though there are people living in that area, the source is still called Victoria.
As shown in the movie, Mountains Of The Moon, the Europeans were advanced in weapons while the Africans only had hand made tools. The Africans only had arrows while the Europeans had guns a cannons.
Taking over meant a lot to the Europeans because they could used the people as the slave and also get the goods that are located in Africa. Europeans very far better advanced than the Africans in many different ways.

Meiji Restoration

Matthew Perry were bulling Japan by the display of military might.When Perry arrived Japan with the ship and dropped anchor 26 miles off the coast, the Japanese were amazed by their technology and how the movement of ships with no sails.
Japan was falling back while other country like Europe were very advanced in technology. When the Meiji restoration occured, there was a vast change. Japanese started to follow the western countries. The books were translated to English and the education level got higher. They started creating new things in the factories. Japan transferred from undeveloped country to a very advanced industrialization country.
Japan is an archipelago, that means Japan is a chain or cluster of islands that is formed tectonically.

Karl Marx and Communism

Karl Marx idea of communism was that communism was created after the end of process of evolution. this evolution began with feudalism and passing through capitalism and socialism. he wanted to make a group all the socialist leaders living in different parts of Europe so they could all reunite.
Communism a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.
Marx want Communism to take over the world because he wanted to help the poor people from the cruelty of the rich people. The Industrial Revolution was a heavy burden on the poor people. The rich people were getting richer and poor people were getting poorer. He wanted to share the money equally over all the people.
Marx saw bourgeoisie as the "bad guys" and he saw proletariat as the "good guys", because he did not like the idea of Industrial Revolution. He wanted to bring rights for the poor people. The rich people were taking over the country. They owned land and factories.The poor people had to work so hard for the money in order to survive. They could send their children to school because they were send to the factory to work. The result ended up as Child Labor.

Karl Marx and The Industrial Revolution

Marx had bad attitude towards the Industrial Revolution. He thought that since there are larger number on workers than the landlords. he quoted "workers of the world to unit." He formed an idea called Communism. He said that all the workers should be paid the same amount of wage. He wanted workers to control the government. He published a book, where there were quotes. People seemed to like his idea and they started to follow his path.
He did not liked it at all. He was against the Industrial Revolution. He did not like how the poor people were getting poor and the richer were getting richer. He also went against how the child were treated at the factories. He felt bad for all the people and children who were suffering from the Industrial Revolution.
He wanted to create something that would help the poor people have a better life and where the financial was distributed equally among all the people. He did not believed that all the people worked the same amount of work. People who work hard were poor and could support their family. But, people who just sat around telling others what to do, had many money and power on the people. Rich people owned houses and factories, having a luxuries life, but the poor people they barely have enough money to survive.

Nationalism and the Creation of Italy

Nationalism is the belief that one's greatest loyalty should not be to a kind or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history. An example of how you are Nationalism, is the like since i am from Nepal, and i live in USA. I still go to nepali party, charity show, games and other activities. Even though i am an American citizens, i still follow my cultures and belief. I go worship my gods and visit the monastries.

You show that you are a Nationlastic by following the steps of the leader who sacrificed their life for the country. We should pay tax and help the government build a strong country. We should follow the law and the rule that the government have created. If possible we should join the army,navy and marines to protect the country and the people in it.

Nationalism helped build the Italy. Italy was distributed into small pieces. Cavour wanted to grow more Sardinia's power, he did not wanted to unit the Italy. Red shirts was one of the famous army tribes. The city of Rome was under control of Italy, after the victory. It took a long time for the Italy to unit. Bismarck was one of the most ambitious king. This people went all the way to death to unit the country.

Italy was like a broken beads of a necklace. After it was united together and formed a huge country. It was a city-states. Giuseppe Mazzini was a ruler who supported nation-states. They won by working together.

Simon Bolivar

Bolivar captured Carcas on august 6 and two days later proclaimed the second Venezuelan republic. The Battle of Boyaca was one of his great victory. He was elected as the president of Gran Colombia. Antonio José de Sucre victory made him very proud and inspired. His armies, started conquering the other country. Bolivar and Sucre, they had a great fight against the Spanish Army.
Simon Bolivar is famous because he was a great leader. They wrote many great books. He also conquered many countries. He tried his best to combine all the country together and make it into one huge country (Gran Colombia).
There is a country named after him in South America in behalf on his honor. He helped Sucre defeat the Spanish army, and he was fighting for the South America unity.
He hated Napoleon since he betrayed the country. This inspired him to fight for the unity and his quest for revolution.

Robespierre and The Reign of Terror

The Reign of terror was a violence event that took place fifteen months after the French Revolution. 16000 to 40000 people were killed during the reign of terror. Many famous and highly know people were executed under the blade. They were killed, (their head being chopped under the blade) in front of the people, to show that people who don't support them, they will have to face the same death. French nobles and clergy were not approving this new terror work, as they now had to work and did not received any goods from the peasants.

Maximilien Robespierre tried to erase everything that was related to the old monarchy. Churches were closed as it was one of the major resident which was like a load over the peasant shoulder. He was like a dictator ruler. He was the person who created The Reign of Terror. Government people were scared and tired of his idea of cutting off others head. They did not felt safe. They organized a conspiracy towards him and he was executed the same way, his head was cut off. Then the Reign of Terror was over.

The Reign of Terror was caused because the democracy was not granted to the people.They had to fight for it, and the Reign of Terror was one of the way to gain it. It took lots of death body and blood and have freedom. This execution was carried as they kept on cutting people heads. All the people were scared and was not strong enough to go against him. But, at last they all stand together and executed him!

The French Revolution

1. Many people were critical of
a) The nobility because they had all the control authority over peasants. They did not have to do any military based work. They did not had to pay many of the tax. They had a very luxurious life.
b) The king because they ruled the kingdom and everything in it. They took control the whole France.
c) The clergy because they had their own estate, where they had their own rule and regulation.

2. A french peasant have grumbled about maintaining the balance between the clergy and feudal lords. The peasants had to pay to both of them. They had so much to do to survive. They had a very little which was not sufficient for their own family and they had to pay double the amount to the clergy and feudal lords. They had so much to worry about. Day and night they had to work so they could earn enough to pay both of the estate. Even though the peasant was the largest population in the whole 3 estate, they were the one who had to pay the most.

3. French was divided into 3 groups. The first one is the clergy, the church people, the second one was nobility and the third one was the peasant. The two upper class had a very nice and rich life. They did not even had to pay any taxes. While the peasant had to pay most of the taxes. The cartoon was trying to say that, peasant have to go through many hard and cruel life, while the others enjoys from their taxes. They want to have a nice life for their own. They want to end this law.

4. The author of source B describe the lives of French peasants, by exploring what the peasant had to go through. They had to pay more than they earn from their daily life. They had a very little amount of sources to survive, and they had to pay the king from their earning. It was the triple amount from what they earn. This taxes and feudal dues where giving them a very hard time. They had to work hard every time, so that they don't have to own anything to the king or the tax collector.

5. Yes, all the sources explain why poor people in France resented rich. The rich people were enjoying their life through the income of peasants. They really did not had to do any hard work. They got their food and money from the peasants. The peasants could complain about it as they did not hold any powers towards the rich one. They even could not tell the king about it as he also got good and money from the peasants. They had to take care of the clergy, king and the nobles. There were to many load over their shoulder to worry about.

6. The peasants would be most influenced by his words. As they brought out the word "DEMOCRACY", the peasants wanted to choose their own government. No one want to get ruled by some one else. They want to have their own rights and have a good life. The governments should get their power from the people. If the new government is not doing a good job than they people could have some one else take over his or her position. The people makes the law and the regulations of the country.

7. I think this was banned because the peasant was inspired through his work and wanted to form a democracy country. They had enough of the nobles, clergy and the king. They did not wanted to get ruled by them. The peasants had to wake up every morning and work had. They worried so much because they had a short time to give all the amount to the king and the taxes collector. They knew they would have enough of everything they own. They must have fight for their rights, which made the 2 other estate mad. The 2 other state must have banned is because they want to rule the peasant and live from their earning. They did not wanted to work or worry about the money and food which they got free from the peasants.

John Locke and "The Enlightment"

The "RIGHTS" that John is talking about are Life,Liberty and The Pursuit of Happiness. It is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government. If the people feel like the president or the king are not doing the right job than they could take away their position and give it to someone who could take good care of the country. According to The Declaration Of Indepence, the government comes from the people within the community! When the people likes the person who is running the whole system, than they support him or her and gives them the power to do what they think is good.

Copernicus and the Trial of Galileo

Helicentrism is the theory where the sun is the center of the Solar System. Theosophists mention that Earth is the one which revolves around the Sun. This information can be found in Vedic Sanskrit which is written in ancient India. Yajnavalkya said that Sun is much more bigger than the earth. The modern science disagree with the old Helicentrism as they discovered that the sun was not the center of the earth.

Geocentric is the theory where the earth is the center of the universe. The Greek philosopher believed that the sun, moon stars and other planets revolved around the earth. they believed in this theory as they saw the stars moving around the earth. Also the earth is a very solid and stable so it does not move.

Theory came that first came out of the scientific revolution was Geocentric Theory.The Catholic Church was putting him in the trial because he said the earth was not the central while the church believed that the earth was the center of the universe.

Galileo Galilei was accused for putting words in book that the earth was not the center of the earth. In 1610, he discovered the telescope which totally help him to support Copernican theory. He brought his idea to the public but he did had hard time at the beginning. People did not believed in his research but he kept on trying and felt that it was worth the try. He even published book which mention about the thing he discovered. At first they did not support him but later his book was published and sold very fast. But later his book publishing was stopped because they thought it might cause some serious damage. Later he was complained by the pope for going against their theory.

Scientific Revolution: The Scientific Method

People got their information from the Bible or ancient Greek and Romans to find out about the science. The Greek and Christianity believed that earth was the located at the center of the universe and the other planets revolved around it. Aristotle theory was that heavy object reached the land than the lighter object. His theory was believed by others for 1500 years. But,he discovered that all the object of different weight fall at the same speed and time. He proved Aristotle theory wrong and created a new theory.

One of the known scientist Isaac Newton proved Aristotle again wrong on his theory, when he said that one physical law governed the earth while the other one governed the universe. Newton said that there was a universal law of gr aviation which was distributed equally to earth and the universe.

People never had the right way to determine how to investigate the world better. there was a argument between Aristotle and the Greek philosopher that man and women had the same number of teeth without checking it out. we need a proof to prove weather something is wrong or right. we need to have a good observation.

The scientific method is done the following

• consistent
• observation
• hypothesis
• predictions
• test
• not consistent: modify hypothesis.
  

Evolution V.S Creation

Evolution
Darwin's theory of evolution explains that, all the living beings are created from the same ancestors. Everything is related to each others. One subject passes on their features to their offspring. Natural selection is one of the major reason for all this creation of living things. It helps protect the problems which are created on genetic mutation. His theory takes time but at last, the result would prove all his techniques and experiment.

Creation
They believe that the god created everything on this earth. It's a religious belief. The U.S government once restricted the public school to teach evolution. This idea are written in the Book of Genesis and Quran. Many known, popular, rich, high standard people argued that evolution is one of the basic reason how we are created. The history of creationism is all from the history of religion.

I believe in evolution because they have many reasons as compared to creation. They explains us more specific and shows us many details and data based on their subject. It also gives us proof through experiment and other laboratory draft. No one has ever seen god or could prove that there was a god. We just believe that once there was a god. But now there are technology which shows us that evolution is the creator of this earth and everything in it!

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